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After decades of unsuccessful attempts to generate nuclear power in Poland, Warsaw has kick-started two separate projects to build atomic plants with foreign partners.
在经历了几十年的核电尝试失败后，华沙方面已经启动了两个与外国合作伙伴建设核电站的独立项目。
Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki announced in October that Westinghouse of the US would build a nuclear plant in Poland, with South Korea’s KHNP signing a letter of intent with his government days later for a separate nuclear facility.
波兰总理马特乌什•莫拉维茨基(Mateusz Morawiecki)10月宣布，美国西屋电气(Westinghouse)将在波兰建造一座核电站。几天后，韩国水电与核电有限公司(KHNP)与波兰政府签署了另一座核设施的意向书。
Warsaw has abruptly gone into nuclear overdrive as part of its push to guarantee energy independence from Russia. Poland has been struggling with soaring energy costs that have pushed inflation to a 25-year high since the Kremlin’s all-out attack on Ukraine in February.
为了保证能源独立于俄罗斯，华沙突然启动了核开发。自今年2月克里姆林宫全面进攻乌克兰以来，波兰一直在努力应对能源成本飙升，将通胀推至25年来的高点。
Other countries are also embracing nuclear power in response to Russia’s aggression, adding a national security dimension to the promotion of nuclear power as a zero-emission source of energy. The UK plans to start work on eight reactors by 2030 while Germany and Belgium recently extended the life of some reactors beyond their original shutdown dates after policy U-turns.
为了应对俄罗斯的侵略，其他国家也在支持核能，将核能作为零排放能源的推广增加到国家安全层面。英国计划在2030年前启动8座反应堆的工作，而德国和比利时最近在政策发生180度大转弯后，将一些反应堆的使用寿命延长至原定关闭日期之后。
“We’re seeing a vast change in the Polish as well as European mindset concerning nuclear energy,” said Adam Juszczak, energy expert at the Polish Economic Institute. “Everybody is now fully aware that we have to replace fossil fuels, especially what we imported from Russia.”
波兰经济研究所(Polish Economic Institute)能源专家亚当•尤什恰克(Adam Juszczak)表示：“我们看到波兰以及欧洲在核能问题上的心态发生了巨大变化。每个人现在都充分意识到，我们必须替换化石燃料，尤其是我们从俄罗斯进口的化石燃料。”
Nuclear power has been a thwarted Polish ambition since the early 1970s, when its then Communist government chose a location for its first nuclear plant. Construction of the Soviet-designed Żarnowiec plant started in 1982 but was abandoned due to a funding shortfall and the protests that followed the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in neighbouring Ukraine. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, different Polish leaders made unfulfilled pledges to restart the nuclear construction programme.
上世纪70年代初，波兰的共产党政府选择了第一座核电站的地址，自那时起，核能一直是波兰的受挫的雄心。苏联(Soviet Union)设计的扎尔诺威克(Żarnowiec)核电站于1982年开始建设，但由于资金短缺和1986年邻国乌克兰发生切尔诺贝利(Chernobyl)灾难后的抗议活动而被放弃。苏联解体后，多位波兰领导人都做出了重启核建设计划的承诺，但未能兑现。
In contrast, other former Communist nations built nuclear reactors and are now adding more. Slovakia, where the first reactor started operating 50 years ago, is finishing the construction of a third unit at its Mohovce plant. Hungary’s government in August gave Russia’s Rosatom the go-ahead to build two more reactors at its Paks plant.
相比之下，其他前共产主义国家建造了核反应堆，现在正在增加。斯洛伐克的第一个反应堆50年前开始运行，该国莫霍夫采(Mohovce)核电站的第三个反应堆即将完工。今年8月，匈牙利政府批准俄罗斯国家原子能公司(Rosatom)在其保克什(Paks)工厂再建造两座反应堆。
“Having worked in nuclear energy for 60 years, I know this decision should have been taken a long time ago,” said Andrzej Strupczewski, a veteran professor from Poland’s National Centre for Nuclear Research. “Everyone around us has nuclear power plants.”
波兰国家核研究中心(Poland’s National Centre for Nuclear Research)资深教授安杰伊•斯特鲁普切夫斯基(Andrzej Strupczewski)表示：“我在核能领域工作了60年，我知道这个决定早就应该做出了。我们周围的国家都有核电站。”
Poland’s biggest political parties favour nuclear power, as do the majority of voters who now worry more about spiralling energy bills than nuclear safety, according to opinion polls.
根据民意调查，波兰最大的政党支持核能，大多数选民现在更担心不断飙升的能源账单，而不是核安全。
Depending on how many reactors are built, nuclear energy should provide 25-40 per cent of Poland’s power production in 20 years, according to the Polish Economic Institute.
根据波兰经济研究所的数据，未来20年，核能应占波兰电力生产的25%至40%，具体取决于建造多少反应堆。
Still, ahead of parliamentary elections next autumn, the push into nuclear power has been criticised as a “PR stunt” by environmentalists. “Poland’s nuclear programme has a long history of missed deadlines,” said Paweł Szypulski, programme director at Greenpeace Poland, who argued the government’s plan was simply aimed at showing that “they’re capable of controlling the energy crisis”.
尽管如此，在明年秋天的议会选举之前，推动核电发展被环保人士批评为“公关噱头”。环保组织绿色和平波兰分部(Greenpeace Poland)项目主管帕维乌•西普尔斯基(Paweł Szypulski)表示：“波兰的核计划长期以来经常错过最后期限。”他认为，政府的计划只是为了表明“他们有能力控制能源危机”。
He urged the Morawiecki administration to instead look to wind energy and stop “holding back green technologies which could rapidly decarbonise our economy”. Coal generates 70 per cent of Poland’s electricity production.
他敦促莫拉维茨基(Morawiecki)政府转而寻求风能，并停止“阻碍可以使我们的经济迅速脱碳的绿色技术”。波兰70%的电力来自煤炭。
Poland’s nuclear projects face significant challenges, notably over funding. Warsaw is trying to convince Westinghouse to take a significant shareholding in the new plant. The Koreans are entering a complicated partnership with the Polish billionaire Zygmunt Solorz-Zak, whose assets include broadcaster Polsat and Poland’s state-run energy group PGE.
波兰的核项目面临重大挑战，尤其是资金问题。华沙方面正试图说服美国西屋电气在新工厂持有大量股份。韩国人正在与波兰亿万富翁齐格蒙特•索罗兹-扎克(Zygmunt Solorz-Zak)展开复杂的合作关系，后者的资产包括广播公司Polsat和波兰国有能源集团PGE。
By betting on two separate foreign partners, Poland has also exposed itself to their rivalry. Westinghouse filed a lawsuit in the US in October, arguing that the Koreans used American proprietary technology that could only be exported with Westinghouse’s approval.
通过将赌注押在两个独立的外国合作伙伴身上，波兰也将自己暴露在了它们的竞争中。美国西屋电气10月在美国提起诉讼，称韩国人使用了美国的专有技术，而这些技术只有在西屋电气批准的情况下才能出口。
France’s EDF was among those who lost out in Poland. Some experts believe Westinghouse benefited from Washington’s strong relationship with a Polish government that has instead tussled with France and other EU partners over whether Poland needed to reform its judiciary in return for pandemic recovery funds.
法国电力公司(EDF)是在波兰失利的企业之一。一些专家认为，美国西屋电气受益于华盛顿与波兰政府的牢固关系，而波兰政府则在波兰是否需要司法改革以换取疫情恢复资金的问题上与法国和其他欧盟伙伴争执不休。
The leader of Poland’s governing Law and Justice party, Jarosław Kaczyński, said recently that he could talk to France about nuclear power only if France acknowledged that criticising Poland’s rule of law was “a brazen lie”.
波兰执政党法律与正义党领导人雅罗斯瓦夫•卡钦斯基(Jarosław Kaczyński)最近表示，只有法国承认批评波兰的法治是“无耻的谎言”，他才能与法国讨论核能问题。
Given that nuclear projects often suffer delays and cost overruns, Poland had unveiled “very ambitious plans, especially for a country that has no experience in building modern nuclear plants nor has trained staff”, said Marcin Jaskólski, a nuclear energy researcher from the Gdańsk University of Technology.
格但斯克理工大学(Gdańsk University of Technology)核能研究员马尔钦•亚斯科尔斯基(Marcin Jaskólski)表示，鉴于核电项目经常遭遇延误和成本超支，波兰公布了“非常雄心勃勃的计划，尤其是对于一个既没有建造现代核电站经验，也没有受过培训的工作人员的国家而言”。
Whatever the challenge, nuclear power was now a “must-have” for the country, said Beata Daszynska-Muzyczka, president of the BGK Polish development bank. “This is about Poland’s ability to grow and offer businesses that invest here a stable, clean and cheap source of energy.”
波兰国家开发银行(BGK)行长贝娅塔•达辛斯卡-穆兹奇卡(Beata Daszynska-Muzyczka)表示，无论面临什么样的挑战，核能现在都是该国的“必备能源”。她表示：“这关系到波兰的发展能力，并为在这里投资的企业提供稳定、清洁和廉价的能源。”
The government is also trumpeting nuclear as a clear commitment to halt global warming, an issue that previously ranked lower down on the list of priorities for the country. Under EU pressure to meet a 2050 target for carbon neutrality, Poland’s government negotiated last year with its mining industry to shut all coal mines by 2049.
波兰政府还大肆宣扬核能是阻止全球变暖的明确承诺，而全球变暖此前在该国的优先事项列表中排名靠后。在欧盟要求波兰实现2050年碳中和目标的压力下，波兰政府去年与采矿业谈判，在2049年之前关闭所有煤矿。
But in the town of Choczewo in northern Poland, which expects to host the Westinghouse plant, there are mixed feelings.
但在波兰北部的Choczewo城镇，人们的心情很复杂。这座小镇预计将成为西屋电气工厂的所在地。
Sylwia Garska-Chmarycz, a local chef, said she welcomed the jobs that a plant would create, as well as the choice of “way more advanced” American technology than anything Poland previously envisaged.
当地厨师瑟尔维亚•加尔斯卡-霍马尔奇(Sylwia Garska-Chmarycz)表示，她欢迎工厂创造的就业机会，也欢迎选择比波兰之前设想的“先进得多”的美国技术。
But travel company owner Jolanta Zwierzchowska, who has organised protests against the nuclear project, was not convinced. “If the plant is built here, no tourists will come,” she said.
但旅游公司老板约兰塔•兹维扎霍夫斯卡(Jolanta Zwierzchowska)并不相信，他曾组织过反对核项目的抗议活动。她说：“如果工厂建在这里，游客就不会来了。”
For Wiesław Gębka, Choczewo’s mayor, the focus should be on the economic benefits, even if he also said he understood residents’ fears over the tourism and environmental impact.
对Choczewo市长维斯瓦夫•根巴卡(Wiesław Gębka)来说，重点应该放在经济利益上，尽管他也表示，他理解居民对旅游业和环境影响的担忧。
The one certainty about the arrival of nuclear power, he said, was that “a revolution is about to hit”.
他说，关于核电的到来，唯一可以肯定的是“一场革命即将到来”。